Migrations in the Mediterranean: IMISCOE regional reader

This open access Regional Reader describes population movement circulating within the Mediterranean area, for any reason or from any region, be them European, African, Asian or originating from any of the Mediterranean shores. It showcases a plurality of approaches to and applications of Mediterranean migration, contributing to a regional approach to migration, thereby defending this regional approach by scaling Mediterranean migration issues. This book covers a large set of questions related to the migration research agenda, such as: market and economy, politics and policies, super-diversity and intersectionality, media, society, welfare and the environment through five main parts: Geo-political Mediterranean Relations, Governance, Policies and Politics, Mobility drivers and Agency, Cities, History and Social Transformations, and Economy and Labour Markets. This Regional Reader provides an interesting read to scholars, researchers, but also policy makers and civil society organizations’ high representatives, international foundations and institutions interested in linking the Mediterranean and migration.

Intro -- Funding and Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Mediterranean Migration Studies - A Research Agenda for the Coming Years -- 1.1 Blurb of This Co-edited Book -- 1.2 What This Book Is About: Main Themes and Objectives -- 1.3 The Mediterranean Scale: Scope of Migration Studies and Current Research Agenda -- 1.4 Summary: Main Objectives and the Rationale of the Edited Book and Basic Areas Covered -- References -- Part I: Geo-Political Mediterranean Relations -- Chapter 2: Looking at the EU-Turkey Deal: The Implications for Migrants in Greece and Turkey -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The EU-Turkey Statement -- 2.3 The Precarious Lives of Refugees in Turkey -- 2.4 The EU-Turkey Deal as a Eurocentric Tool of Biopolitical Control and Externalisation of Migration in Greece -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Hindering Democracy Through Migration Policies? An Analysis of EU External Migration Policies´ Impacts on the Democ... -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 How ``Externalisation´´ Meets Democratisation: A Theoretical Account -- 3.2.1 The External Dimension of Democratisation -- 3.2.2 The External Dimension of Autocratic Resilience -- 3.2.3 The Politics of International Migration -- 3.3 How ``Externalisation´´ Meets Democratisation: The Arguments -- 3.4 How ``Externalisation´´ Meets Democratisation: The Case of Morocco -- 3.4.1 (Inter-State Dimension) Migration as High Linkage: Hampering the External Actor Leverage While Empowering the Target Reg... -- Hampering the External Actor Leverage: EU Foreign Policy Goals at Odds -- Empowering the Target Regime: Migration as Bargain Coin for Morocco -- 3.4.2 (Intra-State Dimension) ``Border Security Gaming´´: A Tool for Autocratic Resilience? -- Boosting the regime´s Organizational Power -- Opposition Elites´ Disempowerment -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Annex -- References.

Chapter 4: Migration Across the Mediterranean: Shaping Italy-Libya Relations Over Time -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Brief History of Italy-Libya Relations and Migration Cooperation -- 4.2.1 Italy´s Growing Desire to Manage Migration -- 4.2.2 A Gradual Partnership - Migration Control Rises on the Libyan Agenda -- 4.3 Three Key Agreements - Their Consequences and Specifics -- 4.3.1 Three Decades Marked by Three Different Bilateral Agreements -- 4.3.2 The 1998 Joint Communiqué -- 4.3.3 The 2008 Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation -- 4.3.4 The 2017 Valletta Memorandum of Understanding -- 4.4 The EU´s Recent Growing Role, with Italy as an Intermediary -- 4.4.1 The Libyan Coast Guard -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: (Im-)Mobility Partnerships: Limits to EU Democracy Promotion Through Mobility in the Mediterranean -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 What to Look at? Main Assumptions and Selected Cases -- 5.3 The EU Approach: The Mobility-Democracy Nexus -- 5.3.1 Markets: When Free Trade Is Unappealing -- 5.3.2 Money: Opening the Chinese Boxes of EU External Cooperation Funds -- 5.3.3 Mobility: What Has Changed? -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: The Migration Initiatives encouraged by the Local and Regional Networks and their effects in the Euromed Cooperation -- 6.1 The Euro-Mediterranean context of the Migration Networking -- 6.2 Migration Network Typology Frame and Euromed Cooperation -- 6.2.1 Interaction Factors: Multilevel Approach and Functional Orientation -- 6.2.2 Mediterranean Policies: Multi-sectorial Approach and Euromed Agenda -- 6.3 Networks as Catalysts of Migration Interest in the Mediterranean Region -- 6.3.1 Resources -- 6.3.2 Solidarity -- 6.3.3 Externalisation -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Governance, Politics and Policies.

Chapter 7: Migrants and Refugees in the Mediterranean Cities: Reception, Regulation and Actors - Tunisia a Case Study -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Mediterranean Cities at the Crossroads of Migratory Flows in the Region -- 7.3 Reception and Assistance to Exiles Who Fled the 2011 War in Libya: The Experience of the Border area´s Cities (Actions and... -- 7.4 Cities of Sfax and Sousse: Dealing with Migrants Needs in Attractive Cities -- 7.5 City of Sfax: Becoming Sea Border Area with Europe -- 7.6 City of Sousse: When the Commitment of the Partners Allows Good Responses -- 7.7 The Covid-19 Crisis: Cities Take Ownership of Migration in Their Local Agenda -- 7.8 ``Sousse Solidarity Without Borders´´, the Response of the Municipality of Sousse to the Crisis of Covid-19 -- 7.9 Conclusion: Political and Future Considerations -- References -- Chapter 8: Media, Public Opinion and Migration Policies in Euro-mediterranean Countries: The Case of France -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.3 Collective Memory -- 8.4 Findings -- 8.4.1 Newspapers´ Findings -- 8.4.2 Public Opinion´s Findings -- 8.4.3 The Policy Debate -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Gendered Asylum in the Black Mediterranean: Two Nigerian Women´s Experiences of Reception in Italy -- 9.1 Introduction: Race and Gender in Central Mediterranean Border Spectacle -- 9.2 Nigeria-Italy Migration and the Black Mediterranean -- 9.3 The Italian Reception System and the CAS in Molise -- 9.3.1 The Journey -- Samanta -- Joy -- 9.3.2 Negotiating Stereotypes and Physical Spaces -- 9.3.3 Deservingness and Agency -- 9.3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Activists Escaping Lebanon: Disruption, Burnout, and Disengagement -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Uprising and Hope on the Mediterranean -- 10.3 An Abusive Home to the Largest Population of Refugees.

10.4 Explosives, Narcotics, and Terror on the Mediterranean -- 10.5 Activists Escaping for a New Home on the Mediterranean -- 10.5.1 The Mediterranean Is Like Home: Familiarity as a Determining Factor -- 10.5.2 Enough Deception: Rationalizing Political Opportunity -- 10.5.3 Fatigue and Burnout in Isolation -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Ecologies of Conflict and Coexistence in the Mediterranean: Seeking Refuge in post-war Lebanon -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Lebanon´s Policy Response to Syrian Displacement -- 11.2.1 Refugee Framings in the Context of Lebanon´s Sectarian Power-Sharing System -- 11.2.2 Refugees as Threat to Lebanon´s `Cementing Glue´: Securitizing Citizenship -- 11.2.3 Securitization through Ambiguous Policymaking -- 11.3 Transgressing Securitization: Refugee-Centric Spaces and Acts of Everyday Resistance -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Taxonomies of Motion and Drivers -- Chapter 12: Root Causes of Irregular Migration in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Case of Afghans and Syrians -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Linking the Concept of State Fragility with Root Causes of Migration -- 12.3 Weak Statehood as the Root Causes of Perpetuating Migratory Flows - Historical Evidence from the Cases of Afghanistan and... -- 12.4 Micro-level Evidence: Perspectives from Migrants and Refugees -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Mobilities Among Marginalized Youth in Morocco: Precariousness, Agency and Networks -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 A Theoretical Framework -- 13.3 Context of the Study -- 13.4 Data and Methodology -- 13.5 Analysis and Discussion -- 13.5.1 Resisting Invisibility Through illegal Migration -- 13.5.2 Trapped Lives: Migration as Household Strategy of Survival -- 13.5.3 The Migration Culture and Agency -- 13.6 Conclusion -- Bibliographical References.

Chapter 14: The Continuity of Migration Drivers: A Historical Perspective on Spanish Social Transformations -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Adopting a Social Transformation Approach to Understand Migration Transitions -- 14.3 An Historical Overview of Spanish Migration Patterns -- 14.4 The Drivers of Spanish Migrations -- 14.4.1 Incipient Industrialization and Fragmented State Expansion, Early 1880s to Mid-1930s -- 14.4.2 Post-Civil War and Autarchy: Rapid Deterioration of Living and Working Conditions, Mid-1930s to Late 1950s -- 14.4.3 New Economic and Political Models: A Path Towards Increasing Liberties, 1960s to Mid-1970s -- 14.4.4 Welfare State Consolidation, Economic Swings, and Shifts in the Meaning of the `Good Life´, Mid-1970s-Present -- 14.5 Concluding Insights -- References -- Chapter 15: Capturing Irregular Migrations Through a Macro-sociological Lens: The Harga Process in Twelve Steps from North Afr... -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Theorical Backgrounds -- 15.2.1 Entry Box with Three Steps, Mainly Observed in the Country of Departure -- 15.2.2 The Black Box: Six Steps from Country of Origin Through the Mediterranean Sea to Europe -- 15.2.3 Exit Box: Settlement, Return Migration and New Departure -- 15.3 Conclusion -- References -- Part IV: History, Cities and Social Transformations -- Chapter 16: Connecting Places, Connecting to Place: Migrants´ Use of ICTs for Exploring Lisbon -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Learning to Use the City: ICTs and Embodied Navigation -- 16.3 Emplacement and Connectivity in Lisbon -- 16.3.1 Migration in Lisbon -- 16.3.2 Methodology -- 16.3.3 Findings -- `The Almighty WhatsApp´ -- Embedded Digital Urban Lives -- Using Community Digital Urban Resources -- 16.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- Annex -- References -- Chapter 17: The Fenced Off Cities of Ceuta and Melilla: Mediterranean Nodes of Migrant (Im)Mobility.